A novel machine learning-based model for precise prediction of postoperative recurrence in gallbladder cancer: development and multicenter validation across four centers.

Although the association between gallstones and recurrence risk only showed borderline significance ( P = 0.053), the higher proportion of gallstones in the recurrence group suggests that, as a chronic stimulant, gallstones might be potentially linked to the long-term progression and postoperative recurrence risk of GBC through pathophysiological mechanisms such as inducing persistent inflammation and promoting abnormal cell proliferation [ 43 – 45 ].

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Although the proportion of patients with gallstones was higher in the recurrence group (63.5%, 113/178) than in the non-recurrence group (54.2%, 186/343), this difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.053).

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