SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit Induces Neuroinflammation Via Microglial Kv1.3 Channel.

In contrast, the vehicle-S1 group exhibited a decreasing trend in center zone duration and in the ratio of center-to-periphery duration ( Figure 7F, G ), indicating that the observed behavioral alterations were attributable to anxiety-like rather than sickness behavior.

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In the OFT, the S1 protein significantly reduced only the total distance traveled; although CPZ tended to attenuate this effect, the change did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 5M–P ).

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