Etiology-specific optimal timing of surgical intervention for intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

After that, interventions that lasted longer than 8 weeks [OR: 3.13 (0.08–123.05), P = 0.5421], less than 3 weeks (OR: 2.56 (0.29–22.88), P = 0.3994), and between 3 and 8 weeks [OR: 3.92 (0.11–144.84), P = 0.4587] all showed a trend toward higher odds of DIND, but these results were not statistically significant (Fig. 6 ).

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Overall, the pooled OR was 0.54 (0.32–0.92), showing a positive trend favoring early surgery, with moderate variation (I 2 = 42.6%) (Fig. 4 ).

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The subgroup analysis of <72 hours versus >72 hours (3 studies, n = 289) indicated a nonsignificant trend favoring early intervention (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.02–13.38), accompanied by considerable heterogeneity (I 2 = 88.3%).

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