The microbial tryptophan metabolite indole acts on the gastrointestinal tract to improve glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of diabetes by enhancing GLP-1 secretion and L cell differentiation.

Mice given sub-chronic indole treatment also demonstrated a trend towards elevated basal circulating GLP-1 levels and higher Gcg expression in the ileum, although these changes did not reach statistical significance ( Fig. 6g, h ).

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