Habitual coffee consumption and risk of incident heart failure: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

J Health Popul Nutr · 2026 · PMC13112914 · PMID 41845455

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0660

closest p · 1.3× alpha

0.0660

boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significantP = 0.066so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

A J-shaped dose-response pattern was suggested, although the test for non-linearity was borderline significant ( P = 0.066), with maximal benefit observed at 1–2 cups/day.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

High coffee consumption (≥ 5 cups/day) Analysis of high coffee consumption (≥ 5 cups/day) from 6 unique cohorts from 5 studies [ 10 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 ] showed a similar point estimate (HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.81–1.05; P = 0.22), though this association did not reach statistical significance.

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