Opposing Roles of Testosterone and Cortisol in Prosocial Risk-Taking.

As shown in Table 1 (Model 1), the GLMM revealed a marginally significant positive main effect of testosterone ( b = 0.353, standard error (SE) = 0.200, 95% CI [0.962, 2.106], z = 1.767, p = 0.077); higher testosterone levels predicted increased risk-taking behavior across both conditions ( Figure 2 a).

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However, limited or inconsistent effects of testosterone on risk-taking have also been reported, with a meta-analysis revealing only a weakly significant correlation ( Kurath & Mata, 2018 ).

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