Cognitive Improvement and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Regulation by <i>Lycium barbarum</i> Polysaccharides and Glycopeptide in Laboratory-Kenneled Poodles.

The logical reasoning test revealed a time × TRT interaction ( p < 0.05; Figure 3 d), whereas a highly significant interaction of time × TRT was detected in the memory test ( p < 0.01; Figure 3 e).

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Regarding fecal acetic acid ( Figure 4 a), as the trial progressed, the LBP group showed a trend toward increased acetic acid levels ( p < 0.1); and the LbGP group showed an increase in acetic acid levels ( p < 0.01).

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Serum Cytokines Serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ increased over time ( p < 0.01; Figure 8 a,b), while IL-1β showed only an increasing trend ( p < 0.1; Figure 8 c).

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A p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and a p -value between 0.05 and 0.10 was regarded as indicating a statistical trend.

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