What drives population fluctuations of European ground squirrels in Hungary?

We found that eovx and eovy were highly significant predictors of counts ( s ( eovy, eovx ), p < 0.001), as was year ( s ( year ), p = 0.002).

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Previously, it was considered a pest, then it became vulnerable, and later an endangered species in 2020 [ 21 , 34 ], which intuitively illustrates that its population trajectory has shown a negative trend in many parts of its distribution range in Europe.

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Smooth functions of C2W and C3W versus counts showed an increasing trend independently from either positive or negative changes of those climatic factors (Fig. 2 B, C).

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The mean annual precipitation during this period was between 500 and 750 mm, with a decreasing trend along the southwest-central longitudinal gradient.

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