Comparative effectiveness of different core muscle training regimens for chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Specifically, the combined interventions subgroup showed a pooled effect of -0.96 (95% CI: -1.57 to -0.35), indicating significant improvement ( Z = 3.09, P = 0.002), whereas the single-modality subgroup yielded a pooled effect of -1.00 (95% CI: -2.19 to 0.19), which—despite demonstrating a large effect size—did not reach statistical significance ( Z = 1.65, P = 0.10).

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Collectively, current evidence suggests that core training—whether delivered as a single modality or combined with other interventions—demonstrates a positive trend toward pain improvement; however, the effects have not yet reached consistently significant levels, and outcomes for combined interventions vary considerably across studies ( Figure 6 ). 3.5.1.2 Subgroup analysis of the functional improvement effects between the single-modality group and the combined group To reduce clinical heterogeneity and provide more interpretable estimates, studies were grouped according to the nature of the intervention comparison.

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