A Novel Intracardiac Echocardiography-Guided Approach for Vein of Marshall Ethanol Infusion in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.

The total ethanol consumption volume was 8 mL (6–9 mL) in the ICE‐guided group versus 7 mL (5–8 mL) in the venography‐guided group; while this difference did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.059, Table 2 ), we acknowledge the numerical trend.

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Therefore, ICE guidance allowed for more complete and effective substrate modification within a similarly safe dosage range, as evidenced by significantly larger LVAs achieved despite a nonsignificant trend toward higher ethanol consumption volume.

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