Dual CD73/A<sub>2A</sub>R blockade modulates the neurotoxic astrocyte phenotype without disrupting core inflammatory signaling.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated in TIC cultures (21.37 ± 2.79 μmol/L) relative to control (14.25 ± 1.46 μmol/L) and were reduced following dual blockade (16.39 ± 2.00 nmol/mg), although this change did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 5B ).

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