Peripheral oxidative stress related biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of their implications for diagnosis and disease monitoring.

Most studies report elevated plasma or serum MDA levels in AD patients compared to cognitively normal controls, 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 although some comparisons did not reach statistical significance. 23 , 35 Interestingly, Sharma et al. observed reduced MDA levels in both male and female AD patients relative to healthy controls while Baldeiras et al. and Polidori et al. observed no significant changes in MDA levels between individuals with AD and matched controls. 20 , 36 , 37 These discrepancies highlight potential cohort‐specific variability and suggest that MDA may not consistently reflect disease status across different populations.

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