Effectiveness of digital health exercise interventions on muscle function and physical performance in older adults with possible, confirmed, or severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Subgroup analysis was highly significant ( p < 0.00001, I2 = 94.1%), clarifying that digital exercise improved ASMI compared to “maintain original lifestyle” but was comparable to “offline exercise”.

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While Egger’s test did not reach statistical significance for most outcomes, visual asymmetry in funnel plots for handgrip strength and ASMI introduces an additional layer of caution; we cannot rule out the possibility that the overall effect estimates are somewhat optimistic due to unpublished null findings [ 85 ].

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