Harsh discipline mediates the association between parenting stress and internalizing problems in children and adolescents: survey-based and online intervention evidence.

Front Psychiatry · 2026 · PMC13171506 · PMID 42147014

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.5800

closest p · 11.6× alpha

0.5800

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.58not close (p > 0.1)

The interaction effect between parenting stress and reappraisal ( β = -0.05, SE = 0.03, p = 0.05) was marginally significant, while the interaction between parenting stress and suppression ( β = 0.02, SE = 0.03, p = 0.58) was not significant.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the interaction did not reach statistical significance, further analysis based on research hypotheses and pre-planned procedures revealed: At pre-test, no significant difference existed between the intervention group ( M = 12.64, SD = 1.52) and control group ( M = 13.57, SD = 1.56) ( p > 0.05); At post-test, the intervention group ( M = 8.73, SD = 1.08) were significantly lower than the control group ( M = 12.42, SD = 1.10)( p < 0.05).

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