In the psychomotor domain, IVR simulation did not significantly enhance skill performance (SMD = 0.49, 95% CI: −0.24–1.22), despite a numerical trend favoring the intervention.
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Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation on Nursing Students' Learning Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
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The sentences
Although subgroup differences did not reach statistical significance, this pattern aligns with SBL best practices [ 48 ] and suggests that debriefing remains a critical component worthy of systematic inclusion [ 49 – 51 ].
When stratified by debriefing presence, interventions without debriefing demonstrated marginally significant improvements in skill performance (Hedges’ g = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.00–0.87), while those incorporating debriefing showed a larger but nonsignificant effect (Hedges’ g = 0.57, 95% CI: −1.24–2.38).