The effect of industry-related air pollution on pulmonary function: A prospective, cross-sectional comparative study of industrial proximity and smoking status.

J Int Med Res · 2026 · PMC13180151 · PMID 42136554

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.1810

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Notably, the FEV 1 /FVC ratio showed a highly significant decrease in smoking individuals (77.83 ± 7.17) compared with nonsmoking individuals (81.02 ± 7.55; p < 0.001).

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.181not close (p > 0.1)

Airway ratios The FEV 1 /FVC ratio in smoking individuals near industrial zones (76.70 ± 8.00) was lower than those in the low exposure group (79.45 ± 7.22), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.181).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.