Effectiveness of vaping prevention campaign messages on cognitive and behaviorally proximal outcomes among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Psychiatry · 2026 · PMC13180738 · PMID 42158153

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

( 51 ) did not reach statistical significance for either knowledge or attitudes toward vaping, suggesting that real-world message exposure might produce more modest or context-dependent effects.

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