Comparative analysis of the water-based nanofluids in semi-circular heat transfer systems for thermohydraulic performance evaluation.

While the changes in thermal parameters are relatively minor, a clear trend emerges with the increasing inlet depth: the average heat transfer coefficient decreases from 3274.2 W m −2 K −1 (top) to 3035.6 W m −2 K −1 (half-depth), accompanied by a rise in mean cavity temperature and a slight increase in outlet temperature.

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