Exploring cognitive load in anatomy education: a study of 3D virtual reality and 2D learning environments using fNIRS.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC13183809 · PMID 42164799

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.3280

closest p · 6.6× alpha

0.3280

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.328not close (p > 0.1)

Despite the numerically higher performance in the 2D group, this difference did not reach statistical significance ( t (19) = 1.004, p = 0.328), indicating comparable learning effectiveness between the two modalities.

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