Pupillometric evidence for perceptual simulation in language comprehension: Sensory and emotional meanings of Japanese adjectives.

Perception · 2026 · PMC13191075 · PMID 41533730

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0840

closest p · 1.7× alpha

0.0840

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = .084so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

A 2 (adjective: bright, dark) × 2 (noun type: literal, metaphorical) ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of noun type, F (1, 58) = 16.08, p < .001, η p 2 = .217, and a marginally significant interaction between adjective and noun type, F (1, 58) = 3.10, p = .084, η p 2 = .051.

also in 26,082 other papers

did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

More importantly, although the critical interaction effect between adjective and noun type did not reach statistical significance, the overall pattern of our findings appears more consistent with the sensory interpretation than the emotional one.

also in 111,027 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.