Aerobic Exercise for Cognitive and Functional Enhancement in Schizophrenia: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Practical Recommendations.

9 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 Although individual studies have reported large effects of AE on depressive symptoms (e.g., Hedges’ g = −2.12, 53 pooled estimates across studies suggest moderate overall effects (SMD ≈ −0.87) that did not reach statistical significance in some analyses only due to limited sample sizes and statistical power. 55 Importantly, even modest reductions in depression and anxiety are clinically relevant in schizophrenia given the high prevalence of mood symptoms and their strong association with impaired functioning and reduced quality of life.

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