<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> outer membrane vesicles prevent the induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells by first trimester trophoblast cells.

Consistent with this profile, DCs differentiated in the presence of PgOMV Tb CM exhibited lower IL-10 and higher TNF-α secretion, although these differences did not reach statistical significance, supporting a shift toward a more pro-inflammatory state ( Figure 4D ).

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