Population Structure Analysis and Candidate Gene Screening for Twinning Trait in Simmental Cattle.

The genomic relatedness G-matrix heatmap ( Figure 2 B) showed a trend consistent with the IBS distance matrix: 55,904 pairs (99.927%) had G-matrix values less than 0.2 (green regions), reflecting moderate genetic relatedness among most individuals, while only 0.004% of pairs had G-matrix values greater than 0.6 (orange regions), indicating very few closely related individuals.

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