highly significantp < 0.001
For family self-concept, a highly significant effect emerged, with F (3, 718) = 66.79, p < 0.001.
For family self-concept, a highly significant effect emerged, with F (3, 718) = 66.79, p < 0.001.
The interaction between age and country (B × C) did not reach statistical significance, with Λ = 0.980, F (9, 710) = 1.60, p = 0.110, and η 2 = 0.020, suggesting that age-related differences in parental socialization practices were comparable across the German and Spanish sample.