An Observational Study of Human Umbilical Cord Tissue Allografts for Paraspinal Muscle and Entheses Defects in the Thoracic and Lumbar Regions.

The double application group showed significant improvements from baseline at 30 days across all WOMAC outcomes and NPRS, as seen by the mean differences from baseline at the patient-level endpoint (last available visit): WOMAC Total −13.72 points (95% CI −18.25 to −9.19, r = 0.775, n = 57); Pain −2.53 (95% CI −3.60 to −1.46, r = 0.718); Stiffness −0.96 (95% CI −1.47 to −0.45, d = −0.50, paired t -test); Physical Function −10.23 (95% CI −13.47 to −6.99, r = 0.811); and NPRS −1.13 (95% CI −2.19 to −0.07, n = 38, Wilcoxon p = 0.052, borderline non-significant).

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Mean scores for NPRS, WOMAC (Pain, Stiffness, Physical Function subscales, and Total), and QOLS across initial, 30-day, 90-day, and final visit scores demonstrate a positive trend of improvement in all application groups.

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