Seasonal influenza mRNA vaccine induces stronger innate and comparable or better adaptive responses than licensed inactivated vaccines.

NPJ Vaccines · 2026 · PMC13212880 · PMID 42191699

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a clear trendno p-value reported

The mRNA vaccine elicited a strong T h 1-type response, showing a clear trend toward higher frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-2-producing CD4 + memory T cells compared to Fluad and Vaxigrip (Fig. 4E ).

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