Titanium Dioxide Particle Size Influences Macrophage Signal Switch Towards Osteogenesis In Vitro.

Int Dent J · 2026 · PMC13213282 · PMID 42150340

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

MMP-8 expression had a modest concentration-dependent increase, particularly in NP-treated macrophages, although differences did not reach statistical significance.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

On the other hand, CM from TiO 2 NP-stimulated macrophages showed an increasing trend in osteogenic differentiation in HOB cells, as evidenced by upregulation of RUNX2 gene expressions, an increase in ALP activity, a release of OC and Col 1, and the production of extracellular matrix mineralisation .

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