Gut microbial-derived metabolites: key players in kidney disease and renal fibrosis.

Int J Biol Sci · 2026 · PMC13215364 · PMID 42212329

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Additionally, supplementation with β-glucan prebiotic in CKD patients with stage 3 to 5 reduced colon-derived uremic toxins PCS, IS, and p-cresyl glucuronide levels, and showed a trend toward shifting the gut microbiota from a Bacteroides 2 to Prevotella enterotype 240 .

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