Semantic convergence in culturally loaded text translation by Large Language Models: a cross-model empirical analysis of English translations of <i>The Four Books</i>.

The findings reveal that: (1) the translations from different models exhibit a high degree of overall semantic consistency, with the average cosine similarity for twenty core Confucian concepts all exceeding 0.73, indicating a significant trend of cross-model semantic convergence; (2) there are notable differences in stability among concepts, with those having clear referents and well-defined semantic boundaries demonstrating higher stability, while abstract concepts with greater interpretive latitude show more pronounced divergence; (3) systematic strategic divergences exist among the LLMs, with pairwise similarity distributions revealing differing orientations between cultural preservation and functional interpretation.

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