Climbing the ladder of confidence: effects of the step ladder system on medical students' self-efficacy during a surgical clerkship.

BMC Med Educ · 2026 · PMC13217677 · PMID 41943057

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.3400

closest p · 6.8× alpha

0.3400

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.34not close (p > 0.1)

Although ΔGSES tended to increase with higher SLS input counts, the correlation was weak and did not reach statistical significance (Pearson's correlation, two-tailed, r = 0.20, p = 0.34).

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