Exosome-based therapy for epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

Between-subgroup differences were significant under the fixed-effects model ( P = 0.0201) and marginally significant under the random-effects model ( P = 0.0523) ( Figure 6C ). 3.4.5 Publication bias Publication bias for the IL-1β outcome was systematically assessed using multiple approaches.

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In this study, the effects of exosome treatment on delaying tonic–clonic onset and improving average seizure scores did not reach statistical significance ( Arvin et al., 2025 ).

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