Forest therapy for psychological stress and emotional disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BMC Public Health · 2026 · PMC13220526 · PMID 41998562

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.1040

closest p · 2.1× alpha

0.1040

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.104not close (p > 0.1)

An exploratory subgroup analysis by control condition type (Table 4 , bottom rows) did not reach statistical significance (Q_b = 4.53, p = 0.104), yet a numerical pattern was apparent: studies using active-urban controls yielded somewhat smaller effects (SMD = − 0.62) than those using passive-indoor or treatment-as-usual controls (SMD = − 0.81).

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