Among the two major cities, Almaty city showed a modest but significant increase in both crude and standardized incidence (AAPC =+ 1.2% and +1.0%, respectively), whereas in Astana city the crude trend increased significantly (AAPC =+ 1.3%; p=0.030) but the standardized trend did not reach statistical significance (AAPC =+ 0.5%; p=0.381).
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Spatial patterns, temporal trends, and age-period-cohort effects of colon cancer incidence in Kazakhstan, 2005-2024.
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