Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis.

BMC Public Health · 2026 · PMC13227755 · PMID 42010597

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a positive trendno p-value reported

For reasoning/planning (g = 0.070), only 2 studies incorporating relevant tasks (k = 6) were available, resulting in a wide confidence interval and a statistically non-significant effect despite a positive trend.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In terms of exercise duration, interventions lasting ≤ 26 weeks showed a significant improving effect on executive function, while those > 26 weeks, though still beneficial, did not reach statistical significance.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.