Comparison of closed and open kinetic chain exercises following total knee arthroplasty in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial.

Although mean values increased descriptively at 3 months—by 36% in CKCG (11.6 ± 3.9 to 15.8 ± 3.8 Nm), 46% in OKCG (7.4 ± 2.1 to 10.9 ± 1.5 Nm), and 57% in CG (6.5 ± 2.3 to 10.2 ± 3.7 Nm)—these changes did not reach statistical significance and should therefore be interpreted as descriptive trends rather than confirmed intervention effects (Fig. 1 B).

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