Does acute caffeine ingestion improve high-intensity interval exercise performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Physiol · 2026 · PMC13233386 · PMID 42255518

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did not reach statistical significancep > 0.05actually significant

Although between-subgroup differences for interval types did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.05), the pattern of effect sizes was consistent with the U-shaped relationship demonstrated in the regression analysis.

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