IL-17A also showed a positive trend ( Fig. 5 H), suggesting that non-T2 inflammatory pathways may contribute to olfactory impairment in at least a subset of patients.
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Olfactory mucosal inflammation and barrier disruption correlate with perceived CRSwNP-associated olfactory dysfunction.
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In addition, several other markers, including IL-13, CLC, and CCL11, showed positive trends with increasing smell loss score, although these associations did not reach statistical significance ( Fig. 5 E–G).