Risk factors for the occurrence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The overall model was highly significant (Q m = 30.62, P < 0.001) and explained 61.43% of heterogeneity (R 2 = 61.43%).

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Elevated systolic blood pressure (HR = 1.17), longer diabetes duration (HR = 1.38), and younger age at diabetes onset (HR = 0.84) were associated with DR onset, although these associations did not reach statistical significance in random-effects models.

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