Math and verbal fluency across adulthood provide insights into aging and individual differences.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC13243588 · PMID 41986405

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0560

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.1020

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = .056so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Accuracy rates For accuracy rates, the first model with age and retirement was marginally significant and explained 22.2% of the variance ( R2 = 0.222, adjusted R2 = 0.154, p = .056).

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did not reach statistical significancep = .102not close (p > 0.1)

Among older adults, multiplication showed the lowest accuracy, though the difference from other operations did not reach statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons (multiplication vs. addition: z = 2.12 , p = .102 ).

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highly significantno p-value reported

In the math fluency task, differences between age groups were highly significant suggesting that decline in math performance in older adults was much greater than that of verbal performance.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.