The Intestinal Barrier: A Multilayered Gatekeeper Against Systemic Disease.

Int J Microbiol · 2026 · PMC13250396 · PMID 42281745

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Furthermore, in a phase 2 RCT conducted in 2025 in patients with advanced alcohol‐related liver disease, the postbiotic formulation, ReFerm, showed signals of barrier improvement, including reductions in I‐FABP and improvements in fibrosis markers; however, the primary histological endpoint itself did not reach statistical significance [ 229 ].

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