Host methylglyoxal activates the <i>Listeria</i> virulence program, allowing bacteria to evade inflammatory phagocytes by cell-to-cell spread.

Deletion of gshF in the Δ gloA background resulted in ~10-fold greater attenuation compared to the single mutants and a nonsignificant trend toward higher mutation frequency ( SI Appendix , Fig.

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Furthermore, PrfA* mutants even showed a trend toward a lower mutation frequency compared to WT L. monocytogenes , that was statistically significant in spleens ( Fig. 1 C ).

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