Smoking Status and HbA1c in U.S. Adults Without Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Analysis.

Cureus · 2026 · PMC13252148 · PMID 42281689

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

The formal smoking × diabetes interaction test did not reach statistical significance, so the subgroup pattern should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating.

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