Effect modification by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anion gap, and serum creatinine on the association between invasive mechanical ventilation and 28-day mortality in intensive care unit sepsis patients: a retrospective cohort study.

After comprehensive adjustment for all 25 prespecified covariates—encompassing demographics, disease severity, 7 comorbidities, vital signs, 11 laboratory parameters, and antibacterial therapy—this association remained highly significant (adjusted OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.67–4.11, p < 0.001), with only moderate attenuation in the effect estimate.

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3.0%, p = 0.062), though this difference did not reach statistical significance.

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