Global burden trends and menopause timing associations for gynecological and breast cancers in postmenopausal women.

iScience · 2026 · PMC13253087 · PMID 42291232

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0070

closest p · 0.1× alpha

0.0600

boldest claim

The sentences

nominally significantp = 0.007actually significant

ER− breast cancer showed a nominally significant IVW association (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01–1.08; p = 0.007), although sensitivity methods did not reach significance.

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marginally significantp = 0.06so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

5 , 13 For instance, a large pooled analysis found only a weak, marginally significant association (hazard ratio = 1.09; 95% CI, 0.99–1.20; p = 0.06), suggesting any direct influence is likely minimal. 14 However, evidence remains inconsistent.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

an increasing trendno p-value reported

Temporal trends in age-standardized rates were quantified using Joinpoint Regression Program (version 5.1.0.0; National Cancer Institute, USA), with annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) reported alongside 95% confidence intervals (CIs); an AAPC >0 indicates an increasing trend and <0 a decreasing trend.

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