Comparative efficacy of green exercise versus indoor exercise for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Front Public Health · 2026 · PMC13253268 · PMID 42293588

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a favorable trendno p-value reported

For positive well-being outcomes (e.g., vitality, quality of life), green exercise also showed a favorable trend, although the effect was not statistically significant (SMD = −0.48, 95% CI: −1.08 to 0.13) ( Supplementary Figure S5 ).

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Indoor exercise also showed a trend towards improvement, but the effect was small and not statistically significant (SMD = −0.21, 95% CI: −1.08 to 0.67).

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