Comprehensive analysis of enzymatic browning in hazelnuts (<i>Corylus avellana</i> L.): influence of physical-biochemical, cultivar and agroclimatic parameters on nut development.

In Radal, during S1, the incidence did not show a clear trend among the phenological stages evaluated.

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In the TDG kernel, during S1, in both locations, PPO activity showed a decreasing trend as ripening progressed.

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POD activity in the shell increased from BBCH 721 to BBCH 85, consistent with its stimulation under stress ( Wang et al., 2024 ), while in the kernel it did not show a definite trend, suggesting regulation dependent on the interaction between phenology and local climatic conditions ( Lu et al., 2025 ).

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In Radal, during S2, PPO activity showed an increasing trend towards harvest ( Figure 7B ).

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