Bioengineered anti-EpCAM-guided exosome nanocarriers delivering Foxp3 agonist butyrate achieve tissue-specific immunomodulation in autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome.

Divergence between the two conditions became evident at 24 h, with highly significant differences observed at both 24 h and 48 h ( p < 0.001, n = 3) (Fig. 2 C).

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Other control groups, including unmodified exosomes, antibody-modified empty exosomes, and free NaB, also exhibited partial modulation of the Tfh/Tfr ratio; however, these effects were markedly weaker than those achieved with Exo@But-αEpCAM and did not reach statistical significance.

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