The contributions of active and passive smoking to COPD-related mortality and DALYs in the context of COVID-19: Global Burden 2019-2021.

Tob Induc Dis · 2026 · PMC13256146 · PMID 42293795

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showed a trendno p-value reported

As the SDI increased, the ASMR showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching its peak at SDI of 0.45 ( Supplementary file Figures S13 and S14 ).

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Conversely, if both the EAPC and their 95% CI lower limits are positive, the corresponding rates show an increasing trend.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

When both the EAPCs and their 95% CI upper limits are negative, the corresponding rates show a decreasing trend.

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