Comparative effects of different exercise modalities on cognitive domains in older adults: a Bayesian network meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Front Nutr · 2026 · PMC13259717 · PMID 42293225

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0470

closest p · 0.9× alpha

0.0470

boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significantp = 0.047actually significant

For working memory, exercise demonstrated a borderline significant improvement (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI 0.00–0.39, Z = 1.99, p = 0.047), with no evidence of heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%).

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a favorable trendno p-value reported

Although most pairwise comparisons in the league table had 95% CrIs crossing the null, AE showed a favorable trend compared with PC (SMD = 0.36, 95% CrI 0.00–0.77) and AC (SMD = 0.45, 95% CrI 0.07–0.88).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Subgroup results for working memory were also unstable: apart from the supervised intervention subgroup showing a significant improvement, most other strata did not reach statistical significance.

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