Contribution of North Atlantic temperature variability to El Niño cyclicity as revealed by spectral causality estimates.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC13261045 · PMID 42009713

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quite significantno p-value reported

The influence NATV → ENSO is explained in 9 , 16 as being due to triggering of the El Niño events by the north tropical Atlantic via the Atlantic and Pacific intertropical convergence zones, which equally applies to the present work where the influence NATV → ENSO is also found to be quite significant and sometimes even stronger than the opposite one.

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